Afric The Richest Continent Essay - 1249 Words

Africa is the richest continent in the world. She stores diamonds, metals, gold, and silver deep in her belly and an abundance of exotic fruits and vegetables sprout from her soil. No other continent on Earth is as abundant as Africa regarding natural resources. (Williams) Human beings with unique traditions and various beliefs inhabited Africa’s lands. In the 18th century, European colonists sailed to Africa, exploiting resources, and unjustly shipping millions of West Africans across the Atlantic to America, known then as the New World. The Africans were separated from their families and put on plantations, forced to do unpaid agricultural labor in barbaric conditions contrived by white americans. Despite being stripped from their home, slaves in the American plantation South carried their culture with them. Spirituals were sung as they chopped crops in rhythm to the beat of the vocals derived from the syllabic African languages. Song was also used to discretely spread messa ges to one another; Some of which were guides for escaping to freedom in the North. From the beginning, African American music has been used to cope with the daily trials they faced and hope that it would end in equality and deliverance. †¨ One of the first genres that developed post-abolition was Blues. The name was derived from the common perception of the sound that made blues music ‘blue’: the flat third and fifth degrees. Which just means that the pitch of the third and fifth note in the scale usedShow MoreRelatedChina in Africa Essay20116 Words   |  81 PagesDevelopment Report 2008 examines agricultural development worldwide by categorising it into agriculture-based, transforming and urbanised. It compares African agriculture, characterised as agriculture-based, relative to performance in the other continents. It stresses that agriculture has a unique potential to alleviate poverty. This, according to the report, resides in the comparative advantage in agr icultural exports in the agriculture-based worlds. To achieve this, large-scale commercial farming

Should Prostitution Be Legal - 1440 Words

Rumored to be the oldest profession in the world and perhaps one of the most controversial topics in our current Canadian legal system stands prostitution. Prostitution by definition is the practice or occupation of engaging in sexual activity with someone for payment. Prostitution in our legal system can be dated back to the 18th century, this was the first Canadian statute to acknowledge prostitution. Prostitution in this time was handled by three legal approaches, regulation, prohibition and lastly rehabilitation. It is believed that because of these three legal approaches that is why prostitution is still around and very popular in almost every city. The Contagious Diseases Act also known as CD ACTS was an attempt at†¦show more content†¦The woman who would sell their bodies for sex, the men who lived off the earnings of these woman, the people who owned and rented out the bawdy houses and men who were frequent buyers in the sex trade were all up for criminal punishment . Although this was said does not mean it was done, with a judicial system and a police force made up of only men meant that many female prostitutes were punished while many males who were apart of the act were let free to walk away. Lastly was the attempt of rehabilitation, in current days we consider rehabilitation as restoring something to its previous state/ making something better, once more this was not the circumstances, in the late 1800 s the rehabilitation for woman was taking them off the streets and putting them into jail. Although stated earlier saying men were able to walk freely, this was not the case for all men. Some men were prosecuted for their actions in regards to prostitution, although they had significantly shorter sentences then woman. Recent progress in the Canadian legal system regarding prostitution can be outlined by The Protection of Communities and Exploded Persons Act, more commonly known as Bill C-36. Bill C-36 was proposed to legislation on June 4, 2 014. One month later on July 15 the legislative approach of Bill C-36 was passed, prostitution in Canada has never been

Leaders After Ww1 Free Essays

After World War I, economies of countries all over the world collapsed causing the Great Depression. Italy adapted a fascism government under Benito Mussolini. During the Russian revolution, Russia turned to communism under Vladimir Lenin. We will write a custom essay sample on Leaders After Ww1 or any similar topic only for you Order Now After Lenin passed away Joseph Stalling took his place. To them, Democracy led to corruption and weakness and put individual or class interests above national goals because all democratic countries at that time were experiencing difficulties. When Adolf Hitler came into power he followed Mussolini rule by establishing a totalitarian government. Benito Mussolini was the son of a socialist blacksmith and a teacher. He promised to end corruption and replace turmoil with order. he rejected socialism for intense nationalism. He organized the Fascist party which consisted of veterans and discontented Italians. Fascist gangs used intimidation and terror to enforce order because they had lost faith in a constitutional government. He favored business leaders, wealthy landowners and the lower middle class. He brought the economy under state control to encourage economic growth. Under Mussolini loyalty to the state was significant and as for individual, they were considered less important. They were bombarded with propaganda glorifying the state. Joseph Stalin brought all economic activity under government control. The government owned all businesses and distributed all resources. Wages were low and workers were forbidden to strike. He also brought agriculture under government control where the state set all prices and controlled access to farm supplies. Stalin’s Communist party used the secret police torture, and violent purges to ensure obedience. Citizens knew what would happen if they were disloyal. He used propaganda to elevate the communist system by making him a godlike figure. The government censored the press and decided which books where published. If the book violated government expectations the writer was put to trial. Stalin tried to strengthen its hold on the minds of the people by destroying their religious faith. Women gain access to a variety of jobs and allowed to attend schools. He destroyed the old social order and created one with the communist party members at the top. Germany drafted a Democratic government after World War I. It soon proved to be weak because of many small parties. Adolf Hitler and the Nazi party brought hope to Germans suffering from the Great Depression during the 1930s. He promised to solve the economic crisis and restore Germany’s former greatness. Like Mussolini, Hitler organized his supporters into fighting squads where they fought their political enemies in the streets. When he was elected he and his supported made Germany a one-party state. They suspended civil rights, destroyed the socialists and Communists. Hitler executed anyone that he felt was disloyal. People soon learned that Hitler demanded absolute obedience. To achieve his goals, Hitler organized totalitarian rule. Nazis controlled all areas of German life which included government, religion and education. Elite, black-uniformed system of troops enforced the Hitler’s will. His secret police took care of all opposition. Like Fascists in Italy, Nazis sought to limit women’s roles. Women were not allowed to attend universities because they were meant to increase the birthrate. Economic problems and ethnic tensions contributed to instability, which in turn helped fascist and communist rulers gain power. These dictators promised order and won the backing of the military and wealthy. They used terror to enforce rules and flourished during economic hard times. In addition, they drew power from blind devotion of the state and needed a charismatic leader as a role model. While a fascist government worked for national goals, communist government worked for international changes. How to cite Leaders After Ww1, Essay examples

Different styles of Leadership and Management

Questions: 1.Discuss how different styles of leadership and management can impact an organisation and the decision making process? 2.Provide examples to demonstrate how leadership is manifested in leading global companies(work-related learning)? Answers: Introduction According to Haslam, the leadership can be defined as the concept or art of influencing the individuals in such a manner that they have their significant involvement and willingness in the achievement of the set goals and objectives (Haslam, Reicher and Platow, 2010). It is considered as a transaction among the followers and the leaders in which there is passing of guidance, lessons, information and experiences from the leaders to his subordinates. From the organisational context, there is enormous significance of organisational leadership as the success and future sustainability of any organisation is highly relied on the decisions and approaches of the leaders. It is the fundamental nature of leadership that there is motivation of the employees, efficiency in team working, resolution of the conflicts and the team working (Nahavandi, 2016). There are three primary leadership fundamentals which comprises of situational, non-hierarchical and relational. The situational leadership stat es that the leaders are developed according to the situations. Once the situation is diverse or gets modified, there is a need of a different leader. As per the non-hierarchical leadership fundamental, the leaders are not only the ones who all are positioned at the top level managerial positions in an organisation. There are several reasons such as political influences etc. which acts as a reason behind the positioning in an organisation. But leadership can be at the grass-root level too depending upon the competence and qualities. And so as per this fundamental nature, leadership can be understood as a non-hierarchical approach. The third basic fundamental is that leadership is relational which demonstrates that for becoming a leader and to have successful leadership, there is a need to have the associated followers (Western, 2013). Without having the followers, once cannot have leadership. And by this aspect there is a fundamental that leadership is relational. The following essay will highlight various styles of leadership and management and their respective impact over the organisation and the decision making process. By portraying the real life organisational examples, the later part of the essay will demonstrate the manner in which leadership is manifested in the global world (Schein, 2010). Impact of leadership on the organisation and the decision making process In the past decades, leadership was considered as an inborn human aspect which has its entire significance and major impact upon the leaders only. But with the change in theories and applications, leadership has it direct impact upon the employees and the organisational decision making. There are different types of leadership styles and each one has its diverse impact over the individuals and the organisation. The first and the extremely argued leadership style is the autocratic leadership. In this form of leadership, the individual is more of a dictator instead of a leader who imposes direct orders and instruction on the followers. The decision making is impacted by this kind of leadership as the decisions are taken at a much faster rate as there is no kind of discussion which takes place before taking a decision (Boerner, Eisenbeiss and Griesser, 2007). The leader is the instructor or decision maker which takes the decision on his own grounds. The decisions taken have a positive impact upon the employees who are poor performers or are lethargic. But on the other hand, this imposes a negative impact upon the employees who are competent and capable enough to give suggestion md are hard-working. The organisation gets the outcomes on an immediate basis as there is no delay in decision making process but there are equal chances of failure or success (Asree, Zain and Rizal Razalli, 2010). The second leadership style which is much discussed is the bureaucratic leadership. In this form of leadership style, the leaders are much relied upon the several leadership approaches and theories instead of their own leadership traits. This kind of leadership style is generally preferred in the organisations which works upon a set standard and do not need any kind of change or modification in the operations. For example, the organisations in the pharmaceutical industry work under this form of leadership as they need to have a similar kind of drug or medicine to be produced every time (Garca?Morales, Llorns?Montes and Verd?Jover, 2008). The organisational decision making is impacted by the bureaucratic leadership in both a positive as well as a negative way. The positive outcome of bureaucratic leadership is that there is delivered standard outcomes which supports the organisation in maintain the quality and the standards of the products and services. On the other hand, the negative implication is that apart from the pharmaceutical industry, if this kind of leadership is incorporated then it results in boredom and monotony. There is no innovative practices which h takes place in an organisation and thus the organisational productivity and the customer base both declines with an increasing rate. The morale and passion of the employees also set down and there comes a point of saturation at an early stage (Lee, et al., 2010). The third leadership style which has a significant impact on the organisation and the decision making processes is the charismatic leadership. The form of leadership is well known as the transformational leadership style. In this kind of leadership, the leaders possess unique and natural leadership traits which cannot be easily copied by other individuals. These kinds of leaders are more of influencers in nature rather than a leader as they highly motivate the employees to work hard and achieve organisational goals. the decision making process is impact in a manner that the decisions taken by a charismatic leader is well supported by all the follower and the organisational members as there is formation of trust among the leader and the subordinates (Obiwuru, et al., 2011). The organisation gets positively impacted as the by the charismatic leadership, the employees get motivate to work beyond the ordinary performance and as a result there is enhanced organisational productivity. Ther e is also takes place smooth decision making as there does not exist any kind of conflicts among the individual interest of the followers and the leader. Hence, it has been evaluated by several theorists that charismatic leadership is the best kind of leadership to be implemented in an organisation (Sarros, Cooper and Santora, 2008). The next leadership style which gets the maximum support of the organisational members is the democratic leadership. In this form of leadership style, the primary objective of the leader is to develop trust among the employees. The employees are offered an opportunity to participate in the organisational decision making process (Steyrer, Schiffinger and Lang, 2008). They are given chances to share their ideas and viewpoints by which the organisation can achieve rapid and long-term gain. There is high level of employee engagement in the democratic leadership style. The organisation gets impacted with this type of leadership style in a very constructive and positive manner as the employees sense they are a vital part of the organisation. This results in higher organisational efficiency and productivity. It also develops a healthy and friendly working environment at the workplace which results in personal as well as professional development of the employees. The decisions takes are also of mutual acceptance and there is no kind of conflicts related to the judgments practiced. The positive outcome of charismatic leadership is efficient decision making, development of innovative ideas, motivated organisational staff, creative thinking, improved employee engagement, decrease number of conflicts and high retention rate of the employees (Nguyen and Mohamed, 2011). The last but one of the much recognized leadership style is the laissez-faire leadership. In this form of leadership, the leader is actually a coach or a mentor which guides the employees regarding the decisions as the leader passes the decision making power to the highly competent and skilled staff who are capable enough to take decisions. There is delegation of authority to the employees for decision making. This impacts the organisation and the decision making process in both a positive and a negative manner (Walumbwa, et al., 2011). The positive aspect is that there is rapid decision making as the employees do not have to wait for the leader and his approval for taking any decision in case of any uncertainty or problematic situation. It also leads to improved motivation and engagement of the employees. The negative aspect is that if there will be delegated decision making authority to more number of employees then it may result in occurrence of conflicts as individuals can take d ecisions which benefits them the most. Thus, instead of working for the shared organisational goals, people will work for eth accomplishment of their individual goals (Ojokuku, Odetayo and Sajuyigbe, 2012). All the leadership styles explained above have their positive as well as negative impact on the organisation and the decision making process. As all the organisations are diverse in nature, thus the leadership style must be chose according the type of organisation, the situation and the type of workforce present in the organisations so that maximum positive benefits can be availed from the leadership style followed in the organisation. Demonstration of leadership manifestation in the leading global companies Leadership is that vital element which has its presence in all types of organisations irrespective of their size and time of establishment (Northouse, 2012). There are several examples which demonstrate the leadership manifestation in many leading global organisation. The first example which shows the negative aspect of autocratic leadership in an organisation is the merger of the Chrysler and Daimler. The merger of both these automotive companies was a result of the autocratic leadership of the CEO of Daimler-Benz, Jrgen Schrempp. There was much internal opposition which took place because of the merger decision in the year 1998 (Daimler, 2017). But this was regarded as a bad decision for Daimler and the agreement was revoked back in the year 2007. This shows that because of autocratic leadership, the organisations many a times takes inappropriate decisions too which leads to negative implications for the organisation in the long run (CampbellJo, Whitehead and Finkelstein, 2009). On the other hand, Apple Inc. is one of the most recognized examples of leading the consumer electronics industry. Steve Jobs, the founder of the organisation was considered as one of the most autocratic leader in the business world. But with a conformist and repressive leadership, there took place rapid success and growth of the organisation. This shows that the autocratic leadership style can also leads to huge progress. Another example of the leadership manifestation can be realized by the application of bureaucratic leadership style at the organisations. The bureaucratic leadership can be seen in the government organisation or in the public services. The governments, various public sector organisations still follow the same rules; regulations are organisational culture which was followed back decades. This negatively impacts the development of the government organisations and the national economy. Due to bureaucratic leadership, all the procedures are sane. There is no change or adaptation of technologies and new procedures in an organisation. The bureaucratic leadership thus acts as the barricades in the success of the organisation. For example, Panasonic Corporation, one of the well-known companies in the electronic industry faced a huge downfall because of the reason that it stick to standardization and does not have innovations in its products as demanded by the changing time. The higher author ities remained bureaucratic in adopting different technologies (Solis2013). Thus, as a negative impact of this, the market share and the revenues of the company have fallen down with a high rate. One of the leading organisations, which have attained huge recognition by incorporating bureaucratic approach in the management and having standard services by preserving the cultural heritage, is Taj Group of hotels. The hotel has expanded in several overseas regions but has maintained the insights of the cultural heritage at each of its branches (Kamath, 2013). This demonstrates that the standardization and working over set standards and theories also leads to huge success. The examples of charismatic leadership in the leading global organisations are increasing day by day. The organisational mangers and higher authorities are following the charismatic leadership at their workplaces so that they can have improved and enhanced brand recognition. There are several names in the corporate world that have attained huge success and organisational growth with their charismatic leadership. One of the prominent names out of those is of Mark Zuckerberg, the founder of the worldwide renowned social media site, Facebook. The corporate personality is analyzed as one of the most charismatic leaders across the world. The leadership traits of Zuckerberg are exceptional and unique which has made Facebook today as one of the largest corporation in terms of customers, revenues and global presence. The individual with his charismatic leadership has developed a bond of trust with its employees as well as customers and expanded its visibility across the globe. The decision m aking ability of Mark Zuckerberg is highly appreciated as the decisions taken by the corporate leader has enormous positive impacts over the workforce as swell as the individuals associated with Facebook (Petriglieri, 2012). Another glimpse of leadership manifestation includes examples of leading global companies incorporating democratic leadership at its workplace. The corporate leaders who have followed democratic leadership in their business organisation have attained giant success and organisational development. Some of the well-known democratic leaders who have followed democratic leadership in the organisations are Indra Nooyi, the CEO of PepsiCo and Ginni Rometty, IBMs CEO. Both the corporate leaders have established themselves as the recognized examples of democratic business leaders. Indra Nooyi, as a democratic leader has made the company as one of the largest beverage and food corporation. The primary aspects of the democratic leadership of Indra Nooyi comprises of building strong communication channels among the higher authorities and the organisational employees, continuous efforts for relationship building, motivate the employees and boost their morale. All these qualities of her signify he r as one of the top democratic leader in the corporate world (centerforworklife, 2014). The IBMs CEO, Ginni Rometty, is also one of the famous democratic business leader as with her strong leadership she has made IBM one of the pioneering and renowned name in information technology industry. She practices the qualities and aspects of a highly democratic leader such as she has a great alignment with the workforce. All the organisational members are involved in the decision making process, they are offered an opportunity to give their suggestions or ideas for change and development. Thus, the democratic leadership at IBM has made the company developed into one of the most robust organisations (centerforworklife, 2014). In the corporate world, there are also several leading organisations which have experienced leadership manifestations of the corporate leaders following laissez-faire leadership style. The most prominent example is Google and its laissez-faire leader Larry Page, the CEO of Alphabet Inc. which is the parent corporation to Google. With the continuous efforts and efficient leadership style of Larry Page, today Google is the most successful company across the globe which has come as a revolution in the world (larrypagebusinessleader, 2013). Just like a laissez-faire leader, Page empowers others i.e. his organisational employees to work for them, take organisational decisions of their units. He guides them with his sound and projected leadership. He makes every possible effort to bring innovation in the functions and business activities. The employees at Google are the leaders, evaluators and controllers of their own work. With such as supportive and laissez-faire leadership, Larry has em powered both the employees and Google to have continuous development and success (centerforworklife, 2014). All the above examples show that in the business world also, there are present different styles of leadership as per the need of the business organisation. Every corporate leader has distinctive leadership qualities. Some have supported the growth of the organisation whereas some have resulted in the organisational letdown. But it shows that there is present leadership manifestation in the leading global organisations too (Selznick, 2011). Conclusion From the overall analysis of the essay, it can be stated that leadership is the most significant factor which directs the organisation towards the positive or the negative outcomes. Leadership plays a vital role at each and every phase of an organisation. It is the factor which provides a direction to the organisation to work effectively; it also acts as a source of motivation for the employees and their improved productivity. The development of innovative ideas, team spirit, increased morale, enhanced confidence and decrease conflict rates are the results of a sound leadership only. From the essay it can conclude that, all the give leadership styles i.e. democratic leadership, autocratic leadership, charismatic leadership, laissez-faire leadership and bureaucratic leadership have their respective importance and significance as per the type of organisation and business operations. All these leadership styles have diverse set of traits and characteristics which the leaders possess. Th ere is a direct and significant impact of these different leadership styles on the organisation as well as on the decision making processes. The decision in an organisation gets affected by the kind of leadership followed in an organisation. From the analysis of the impact on the organisation, it can be identified that charismatic leadership and democratic leadership are the two leadership styles who have maximum positive outcomes in comparison of the rest three leadership styles. In present scenario, employees or the organisational individuals can be managed more efficiently through the democratic and the charismatic leadership styles. From the discussion of leadership manifestation in the leading global companies, it can be conclude that there are number of recognized and potential corporate leaders that have sound leadership traits which have resulted in rapid organisational growth. The both positive and negative aspects have been analyzed of the leadership styles possess by the business leaders in the global organisation. Lastly it can be stated that, all the organisations must give great emphasis upon the leadership factor for achieving long-term sustainability, employees engagement and enhanced brand recognition. References Asree, S., Zain, M., Rizal Razalli, M. (2010). Influence of leadership competency and organizational culture on responsiveness and performance of firms.International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management,22(4), 500-516. Boerner, S., Eisenbeiss, S. A., Griesser, D. (2007). Follower behavior and organizational performance: The impact of transformational leaders.Journal of Leadership Organizational Studies,13(3), 15-26. CampbellJo, A., Whitehead, J. and Finkelstein, S., (2009). Why Good Leaders Make Bad Decisions, Retrieved on: 6th April, 2017, Retrieved from: https://hbr.org/2009/02/why-good-leaders-make-bad-decisions Centerforworklife, (2014). Leadership Qualities of Ginni Rometty, Retrieved on: 6th April, 2017, Retrieved from: https://www.centerforworklife.com/leadership-qualities-ginni-rometty/ Centerforworklife, (2014). Leadership Qualities of Larry Page, Retrieved on: 6th April, 2017, Retrieved from: https://www.centerforworklife.com/leadership-qualities-larry-page/ Centerforworklife, (2014. Leadership Qualities of Indra Nooyi, Retrieved on: 6th April, 2017, Retrieved from: https://www.centerforworkli fe.com/leadership-qualities-indra-nooyi/ Daimler, (2017). Company History "World Corp." vision: the merger between Daimler and Chrysler (1995 - 2007), Retrieved on: 6th April, 2017, Retrieved from: https://www.daimler.com/company/tradition/company-history/1995-2007.html Garca?Morales, V. J., Llorns?Montes, F. J., Verd?Jover, A. J. (2008). The effects of transformational leadership on organizational performance through knowledge and innovation.British journal of management,19(4), 299-319. Haslam, S. A., Reicher, S. D., Platow, M. J. (2010).The new psychology of leadership: Identity, influence and power. Psychology Press. Kamath, G., (2013). A century of service, style and substance, Retrieved on: 6th April, 2017, Retrieved from: https://www.tata.com/article/inside/tHf!$$$!0f6sFuE=/TLYVr3YPkMU Larrypagebusinessleader, (2013). Introduction to Larry Page and Google, Retrieved on: 6th April, 2017, Retrieved from: https://larrypagebusinessleader.wordpress.com/ Lee, P., Gillespie, N., Mann, L., Wearing, A. (2010). Leadership and trust: Their effect on knowledge sharing and team performance.Management learning. Nahavandi, A. (2016).The Art and Science of Leadership -Global Edition. Pearson. Nguyen, H. N., Mohamed, S. (2011). Leadership behaviors, organizational culture and knowledge management practices: An empirical investigation.The Journal of Management Development,30(2), 206-221.s Northouse, P. G. (2012).Leadership: Theory and practice. Sage. Obiwuru, T. C., Okwu, A. T., Akpa, V. O., Nwankwere, I. A. (2011). Effects of leadership style on organizational performance: A survey of selected small scale enterprises in Ikosi-Ketu council development area of Lagos State, Nigeria.Australian Journal of Business and Management Research,1(7), 100. Ojokuku, R. M., Odetayo, T. A., Sajuyigbe, A. S. (2012). Impact of leadership style on organizational performance: a case study of Nigerian banks.American Journal of Business and Management,1(4), 202-207. Petriglieri, G., (2012). Mark Zuckerbergs Magic Touch, Retrieved on: 6th April, 2017, Retrieved from: https://hbr.org/2012/05/mark-zuckerbergs-magic-touch Sarros, J. C., Cooper, B. K., Santora, J. C. (2008). Building a climate for innovation through transformational leadership and organizational culture.Journal of Leadership Organizational Studies,15(2), 145-158. Schein, E. H. (2010).Organizational culture and leadership(Vol. 2). John Wiley Sons. Selznick, P. (2011).Leadership in administration: A sociological interpretation. Quid Pro Books. Solis, B., (2013). The Rise And Fall Of Sony, Panasonic, And Sharp And How To Survive Digital Darwinism, Retrieved on: 6th April, 2017, Retrieved from: https://www.briansolis.com/2013/12/the-rise-and-fall-of-sony-panasonic-and-sharp-and-how-to-survive-digital-darwinism/ Steyrer, J., Schiffinger, M., Lang, R. (2008). Organizational commitmentA missing link between leadership behavior and organizational performance?.Scandinavian Journal of management,24(4), 364-374. Walumbwa, F. O., Mayer, D. M., Wang, P., Wang, H., Workman, K., Christensen, A. L. (2011). Linking ethical leadership to employee performance: The roles of leadermember exchange, self-efficacy, and organizational identification.Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes,115(2), 204-213. Western, S. (2013).Leadership: A critical text. Sage.

Truth about online custom writings Essay Example

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Biography of Bonnie and Clyde, Depression-Era Outlaws

Biography of Bonnie and Clyde, Depression-Era Outlaws Bonnie Parker (October 1, 1910–May 23, 1934) and Clyde Barrow (March 24, 1909–May 23, 1934) went on a notorious two-year crime spree during the Great Depression, a time when the American public was hostile toward government. Bonnie and Clyde used that emotion to their advantage: Assuming an image closer to Robin Hoods than to the mass murderers they were, they captured the nations imagination as a romantic young couple on the open road. Fast Facts: Bonnie and Clyde Known For: A notorious two-year crime spreeAlso Known As: Bonnie Parker, Clyde Barrow, the Barrow GangBorn: Bonnie, Oct. 1, 1910 in Rowena, Texas; Clyde, March 24, 1909 in Telico, TexasParents: Bonnie, Henry and Emma Parker; Clyde, Henry and Cummie BarrowDied: May 23, 1934 near Gibsland, Louisiana Early Life: Bonnie Bonnie Parker was born October 1, 1910, in Rowena, Texas, the second of three children to Henry and Emma Parker. The family lived comfortably off her fathers job as a bricklayer, but when he died unexpectedly in 1914, her mother moved the family in with her mother in Cement City, Texas (now part of Dallas). Bonnie Parker was beautiful and was 4-foot-11, 90 pounds. She did well in school and loved writing poetry. Bonnie dropped out of school at 16 and married Roy Thornton. The marriage wasnt happy, and Thornton began spending more time away from home. In 1929, he was charged with robbery and sentenced to five years in prison. They never divorced. While Roy was away, Bonnie worked as a waitress but was unemployed as the Great Depression got started toward the end of 1929. Early Life: Clyde Clyde Barrow was born March 24, 1909, in Telico, Texas, the sixth of eight children to Henry and Cummie Barrow. Clydes parents were tenant farmers, often not making enough money to feed their children. When he was 12, his parents gave up tenant farming and moved to West Dallas, where his father opened a gas station. West Dallas was a rough neighborhood, and Clyde fit right in. He and his older brother Marvin Ivan Buck Barrow were often in trouble with the law for stealing things such as turkeys and cars. Clyde was small, standing 5-foot-7 and weighing 130 pounds. He had two serious girlfriends before he met Bonnie, but he never married. Bonnie and Clyde Meet In January 1930, Bonnie and Clyde met at a mutual friends house. The attraction was instantaneous. A few weeks later, Clyde was sentenced to two years in prison for previous crimes. Bonnie was devastated. On March 11, 1930, Clyde escaped from jail using a gun Bonnie had smuggled in. A week later he was recaptured and sentenced to 14 years in the brutal Eastham Prison Farm near Weldon, Texas. Clyde arrived at Eastham on April 21. Life there was unbearable and he became desperate to get out. Hoping a physical incapacity would earn him a transfer, he asked a fellow prisoner to chop off two of his toes with an ax. It proved unnecessary; he was paroled a week later, on Feb. 2, 1932. He swore he would rather die than return there. Bonnie Becomes a Criminal Leaving prison during the Depression, with jobs scarce, made living in society difficult. Plus, Clyde had little experience holding a job. As soon as his foot healed, he was back to robbing. Bonnie went with him on one of these robberies. The plan was for the Barrow Gang- which included, at different times, Ray Hamilton, W.D. Jones, Buck Barrow, Blanche Barrow, and Henry Methvin, in addition to Bonnie and Clyde- to rob a hardware store. Although she stayed in the car during the robbery, Bonnie was captured and put in the Kaufman, Texas, jail, but she was released for lack of evidence. While Bonnie was in jail, Clyde and Hamilton staged another robbery in April 1932. It was supposed to be easy, but something went wrong and the general stores owner John Bucher was shot and killed. Bonnie now faced a decision: stay with Clyde for life on the run or leave him and start fresh. Bonnie knew Clyde had vowed never to return to prison and that staying with him meant death for both, very soon. Despite this knowledge, Bonnie decided not to leave Clyde, remaining loyal to the end. On the Lam For the next two years, Bonnie and Clyde robbed across Texas, Oklahoma, Missouri, Louisiana, and  New Mexico. They stayed close to a state border because police then couldnt cross  state boundaries  to follow a criminal. Clyde changed cars frequently by stealing one and changed license plates  more frequently. He studied maps and had an uncanny knowledge of back roads. Police didnt know then that  Bonnie and Clyde  made frequent trips to Dallas to see their families. Bonnie was close to her mother, whom she insisted on seeing every couple of months. Clyde frequently visited his mother and favorite sister Nell, which nearly got them killed several times in police ambushes. Buck and Blanche They had been on the run for a year when Clydes brother Buck was released from prison in March 1933.  Law enforcement wanted them for murder, bank robbery, auto theft, and robbing dozens of grocery stores and gas stations, but they decided to rent an apartment in Joplin, Missouri, for a reunion with Buck and his wife Blanche. After two weeks of chatting, cooking, and playing cards, Clyde noticed two police cars pull up on April 13, 1933. A shootout ensued. After killing one policeman and wounding another, Bonnie, Clyde, Buck, and Jones got to their car and sped away. They picked up Blanche, who had escaped the shooting, nearby. Although they got away, police found a trove of information in the apartment, including rolls of film with the now-famous images of Bonnie and Clyde in various poses holding guns and Bonnies poem  The Story of Suicide Sal,  one of two she wrote on the run. The pictures, the poem, and the getaway increased their fame. They evaded trouble until June 1933, when they had an accident near Wellington, Texas. Clyde realized too late that the bridge ahead had been closed for repairs. He swerved and the car went down an embankment. Clyde and Jones got out safely, but Bonnies leg was burned badly by leaking battery acid, and she never walked properly again. Despite her injuries, they couldnt stop for medical care. Clyde nursed Bonnie with help from Blanche and Billie, Bonnies sister. Ambushes A month later, Bonnie, Clyde, Buck, Blanche, and Jones checked into two cabins at the Red Crown Tavern near Platte City, Missouri. On July 19, 1933, police, tipped by locals, surrounded the cabins. At 11 p.m., a policeman banged on a cabin door. Blanche replied, Just a minute. Let me get dressed, giving Clyde time to pick up his Browning Automatic Rifle and start shooting. While the others took cover, Buck kept shooting and was shot in the head. Clyde gathered everyone, including Buck, for a charge to the garage. As they roared off, police shot out two tires and shattered a window, the shards severely damaging one of Blanches eyes. Clyde drove through the night and the next day, stopping only to change bandages and tires. At Dexter, Iowa, they stopped for rest at the Dexfield Park recreation area, not knowing police had been alerted to their presence by a local farmer who had found bloodied bandages. More than 100 policemen, National Guardsmen, vigilantes, and local farmers surrounded them. On the morning of July 24, Bonnie saw the policemen closing in and screamed. Clyde and Jones picked up their guns and start shooting. Buck, unable to move, kept shooting and was hit several times, Blanche by his side. Clyde hopped into a car but was shot in the arm and crashed into a tree. He, Bonnie, and Jones ran and then swam across a river. Clyde stole another car and drove them away. Buck died a few days later, and Blanche was captured. Clyde had been shot four times and Bonnie had been hit by numerous buckshot pellets. Jones, who was shot in the head, took off and never returned. Last Days After several months of recuperating, Bonnie and Clyde were back out robbing. They had to be careful, realizing that locals might recognize them and turn them in, as had happened in Missouri and Iowa. To avoid scrutiny, they slept in their car at night and drove during the day. In November 1933, Jones was captured and told his story to the police, who learned of the close ties between Bonnie and Clyde and their families. This gave them an idea: By watching their families, police could establish an ambush when Bonnie and Clyde tried to contact them. When an ambush attempt that month endangered their mothers, Clyde became furious. He wanted to retaliate against the lawmen, but his family convinced him this wouldnt be smart. Rather than seek revenge on those who had threatened his family, Clyde focused on the Eastham Prison Farm. In January 1934, they helped Clydes old friend Raymond Hamilton break out. A guard was killed and several prisoners hopped into the getaway car. One of those prisoners was Henry Methvin. After the other convicts went their own ways- including Hamilton, who left after a dispute with Clyde- Methvin stayed on. The crime spree continued, including the brutal murder of two motorcycle cops, but the end was near. Methvin and his family were to play a role in Bonnie and Clydes demise. Final Shootout and Death Realizing how tied to family Bonnie and Clyde were, the police guessed that Bonnie, Clyde, and Henry were on their way to visit Iverson Methvin, Henry Methvins father, in May 1934. When police learned that Henry Methvin had become separated from Bonnie and Clyde on the evening of May 19, they realized this was their chance to set up an ambush. Police assumed they would search for Henry at his fathers farm, so they planned an ambush along the road the outlaws were expected to take. The six lawmen planning the ambush confiscated Iverson Methvins truck and removed one of its tires, then placed it along Highway 154 between Sailes and Gibsland, Louisiana. If Clyde saw Iversons vehicle on the roadside, they figured, he would slow down and investigate. At 9:15 a.m. on May 23, 1934, Clyde spotted Iversons truck. As he slowed down, the officers opened fire. Bonnie and Clyde had little time to react. The police shot  more than 130 bullets at the couple, killing them quickly. When the shooting ended, policemen found that the back of Clydes head had exploded and part of Bonnies right hand had been shot off. Their bodies were taken to Dallas and put on public view. Crowds gathered for a glimpse of the famous pair. Although Bonnie had requested that she be buried with Clyde, they were buried in different cemeteries, according to their families wishes. Legacy Although they created a romantic image- two young lovers running from the big, bad cops, Clydes driving skills, Bonnies poetry, and her beauty- it was tarnished by the truth. Though they often captured police who caught up to them and let them off unharmed hours and hundreds of miles later, they killed 13 people, some bystanders slain during bungled robberies. Because they never got away with much money when they robbed banks, Bonnie and Clyde were desperate criminals, sleeping in the most recently stolen car and constantly fearing death in a hail of bullets from a police ambush. Still, they were the stuff of legend. Sources The Real Bonnie and Clyde: 9 Facts on the Outlawed Duo. Biography.com.10 Things You May Not Know About Bonnie and Clyde. History.com.

The Effect TV Has on Children Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Effect TV Has on Children - Essay Example According to the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP), kids in the United States watch about 4 hours of TV a day. According to the AAP guidelines, children under age 2 should have no "screen time" (TV, DVDs or videotapes, computers, or video games) at all. During the first 2 years, a critical time for brain development, TV can get in the way of exploring, learning, and spending time interacting and playing with parents and others, which help young children, develop the skills they need to grow cognitively, physically, socially, and emotionally. There is no doubt that TV can be an excellent educator and entertainer. But despite its advantages, too much television can be detrimental. Several types of research around the world have shown that children who consistently spend more than 4 hours per day watching TV are more likely to be overweight. In earlier days before the television, children played outdoors more and used their minds to be more creative. Excessive television viewing promotes inactivity. Health experts have long linked excessive TV-watching to obesity - a significant health problem today. While watching TV, children are inactive and tend to snack which contributes to poor nutrition. They're also bombarded with advertising messages that encourage them to eat unhealthy foods such as potato chips and empty-calorie soft drinks that often become preferred snack foods. According to the AAP, children in the United States see 40,000 commercials each year. From junk food and soft drink advertisements, children persuade t heir parents to buy them. This leads to major health problems and is a serious concern around the world (Dowshen and Gavin, 2005).     

Home Health Nursing Initiative assignment 2 Essay

Home Health Nursing Initiative assignment 2 - Essay Example This paper is also being undertaken in order to assess the appropriateness of the application of this kit using the current literature on this kit. This assessment of literature will hopefully shed light to the evidence-based application of this kit and hopefully make a credible evaluation of the actual application of the Symptom Response Kit. The Symptom Response Kit is described by the South West Community Care Access Centre (CCAC, 2009, p. 1) as â€Å"a kit of medications that can be ordered by a physician, to be available in a client’s home to relieve potential symptoms for clients requiring hospice palliative care services or who are at the end of life stage in their disease management†. In the most basic sense, this kit is a reserve kit which can be used in case unanticipated symptoms of a long-term care patient would surface. The kit contains emergency medical supplies previously approved or prescribed by the patient’s doctor in anticipation of probable symptoms of the patient’s illness. It contains limited amounts of a few medications which have been deemed effective in addressing the usual symptoms of distress in clients who are at the end of their lives (Matzon & Sherman, 2006). The kit is â€Å"solely for the purpose of alleviating unanticipated symptoms, to avoid unnecessary hospit al/ER admission or until a regular prescription can be obtained† (CACC, 2009, p. 1). This kit acts as an interim remedy for the patient in order to prevent further deterioration while a more comprehensive consultation with the doctor is being scheduled. Symptom relief kits or emergency kits are set-up in order to address the â€Å"need to have appropriate medications readily available in the home, extended care facility, or hospital† (Matzon & Sherman, 2006, p. 322). Among palliative health care givers, there is no specific timing where the dying process can be predicted,

Financial efficiency of Oman Airports Management Company in early Essay

Financial efficiency of Oman Airports Management Company in early recruitment of human resource during the transitional period of Muscat International Airport development project - Essay Example ir ground staff, air traffic controllers, air terminal operations staff, aircraft mechanics, cargo specialists, electronics personnel, passenger specialists, ticketing staff, and radar engineers among others (Young & Wells, 2011: p44). The long-term HR strategy should be geared towards the optimal support of the airport’s corporate strategy and their business situation. Additionally, such mega trends as individualization, diversity, demographic changes, education, and health should be taken into account (Loo & Chow, 2011: p1688). These aspects will then feed into the HR strategy that, in turn, will establish fundamental goals for management of HR and measurement packages that it is associated with. Most of these measures should be implemented immediately and fleshed out as the airport’s development is carried out. The targets for the airport’s HR strategy should be increasing efficiency, covering requirements of personnel, improving the airport’s attractiveness as an employer, and the establishment of excellent leadership (Williams, 2013: p56). Once the airport’s development is finished, the HR strategy should move to recruiting individuals with high personal and professional ambition and a passion to give clients world class customer service (svo.aero, 2014: p1). The recruitment process should seek out individuals with efficiency and high performance that will align with the airport’s strategy of exceeding client expectations. The first priority for the airport in their HR recruitment needs should be accommodating client needs, including visitors, passengers, and employees. The behavior and attitude of recruited staff should support their core values, while also handling the opportunities and challenges of working in an international airport. Beria, P., & Scholz, AB. 2010. Strategies and pitfalls in the infrastructure development of airports: A comparison of Milan Malpensa and Berlin Brandenburg International airports. Journal of Air Transport

Consequence Global warming

Consequence Global warming Introduction Climate change and a consequence global warming can be seen all around us. It has already started shaping each and every aspect of our lives in more than one ways: from how we travel to what products we buy to where we live. Hence, there is a concern that the use of non-renewable fuels and other human activities are increasing greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, contributing to global warming. To avoid this, enthusiasm is spreading for cap-and-trade systems to regulate the amount of CO2 emitted to Earths atmosphere. A new currency is emerging in world markets. Unlike the dollars, Euros and yen that trade for tangible goods and human services, this new money exchanges for pollutionparticularly emissions of carbon dioxide, which are caused by burning fossil fuels and are the leading cause of global climate change. Carbon credits, as they are called, are poised to transform the world energy system and thus the world economy. Carbon credits are used as a currency that allows companies and individuals to compensate their carbon emissions. This is done by either reducing carbon dioxide release directly or through offsetting their GHG outputs. Carbon Credits originated historically from The United Nations Clean Development Mechanism which was under the Kyoto Protocol. It allows a fixed quantity of carbon credits to be traded. It is important for people to limit their impact on the environment and buy carbon credits to offset what they cant reduce and work towards reducing their offsets. Carbon trading as per the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) is a big business in the open markets. Projects such as development of renewable energy, improving polluting industries, and planting carbon absorbing sinks are being funded by carbon credits. Companies and people are becoming carbon conscious by reducing their emissions. Many types of events and workings can generate carbon offsets. Renewable energy such as the wind farms, solar panels, geothermal energy, bio energy and small hydro turbines can create carbon offsets by replacing fossil fuels. Other varieties of offsets available for sale in the market include those including methane capturing from landfills or livestock, destruction of harmful greenhouse gases such as halocarbons, and carbon removal projects (such as reforestation) that absorb carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. Emission levels are increasing around the world and this has resulted in a number of companies wishing to buy more carbon credits. This would result in an increase in its market price and this would encourage businesses to perform more eco-friendly activities which would create more carbon credits to sell. Developed countries spend nearly $400-450 for every ton of reduction in CO2, as compared to $10-$25 spent by developing countries. Indias GHG emission is below the target and therefore, it can sell surplus credits to other countries. India is considered to possess about 31% of the total world carbon trade. This implies a trade opportunity of $25bn by 2010.This makes trading in carbon credits such a major business opportunity. Indiahas emerged as the leading horse in this race. More than 300 Indian entities have proceeded with their application for registering their CDM Project to avail carbon credits. Currently,1 carbon credit is worth 14 Euros. Indian companies can pose higher incomes from carbon credits as compared to their core business. The global carbon credit market was estimated $30 billion last year andis it is growing at tremendous pace. There is a need and a consequent demand to reduce 1 billion ton of carbon emissions in the world, in order to deal with threats like global warming. Indian companies have realized that money can be earned by becoming eco-friendly. With new infrastructure sector like power and steel developing in India, the carbon credit market will gain stature. The 800 million farming community in India also has an opportunity to sell Carbon Credits to developed nations. Companies like Wal-Mart, Dell and GE are going GREEN and purchasing carbon credits. These companies are improving their brand name, consumer confidence in their products. Global Warming Some Facts Global Warming Phenomenon Global warming has brought about one of the biggest challenges for planet earth in the 21st century. There is a global concern about the adverse impact of the emission of greenhouse gas (GHG) on the planet earths climate. Global warming is a phenomenon of gradual increase in earths temperature as a result of the increase in greenhouse gases. This is mainly due to two reasons: increase in human activities which have led to an increased production of Greenhouse Gases, and a reduction in the Earths natural Carbon Dioxide due to Deforestation. The green house effect has led to an increase in the temperature of the atmosphere near the earths surface. Shortwave light comes from the sun to the earth, and it passes unimpeded through a cover of greenhouse gases composed mainly of water vapor, carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide, and ozone. Infrared radiation reflects off the planets surface toward space but does not easily pass through the thermal blanket. Some of it is trapped and reflected downward, keeping the planet at an average temperature suitable to life, about 60 °F (16 °C). Increase in the quantity of greenhouse gases is trapping more heat and increasing global temperatures, making a process that has been beneficial to life potentially disruptive and harmful. The major natural greenhouse gases on Earth are Greenhouse Gases % of Greenhouse Effect Carbon Dioxide (CO2) 70% Methane (CH4) 20% Nitrous Oxide 5% Fluorinated Gases 5% The atmospheric concentrations of CO2 and methane have increased by 31% and 149% respectively above pre-industrial levels since 1750. These levels are considerably higher than at any time during the last 650,000 years. Effects of Global Warming Action must be taken against greenhouse effect, otherwise it could lead to an increase in average global temperature between 2 and 4 degrees and this could happen as early as the year 2030. This increase in temperature would be more towards the poles as compared to the tropics. This would also result in more winters becoming warmer. Such an increase will make the world hotter than it has ever been in the last 100,000 years. The rate of increase in temperature will also be faster than ever before. Just a comparison, a rise of approx 3 degrees Celsius after the ice age took many thousands of years. By the end of this century temperatures can reach those that were in the time of the dinosaurs making the survival of humans impossible. The effects can already be seen- the ten hottest years since the 18th century have been in the previous 15 years. Hurricanes will occur more frequently as oceans heat up resulting in increased water evaporation. Evidence is building at an dangerous rate. Droughts Continental areas will dry out in summer. Floods Sea levels are currently rising at a rate of around 1 mm each year due the top layer expansion of the oceans as they heat up and the polar ice caps melts. The predicted increase in the sea level by 2050 is between 20 and 50mm. This will cause greater flooding in coastal and low lying areas. Carbon Emission A major feature One of the major greenhouse gases is the carbon dioxide gas (CO2). Trees grow and they absorb CO2 from the air. Forest clearance and the burning of wood (tropical rain forests) are adding the CO2 to the atmosphere. Deforestation is getting out of control. The loss of the forests implies that there are lesser trees to absorb CO2. Despite deforestation making a large contribution towards global warming, it causes lesser contribution than half the yearly total CO2 released, the remaining and major part comes from burning coal, fossil fuels and oils. The fossil fuels are consumed in cars, power stations and factories. Nearly half of the CO2 which is released by burning fossil fuels is absorbed back by the oceans. It is taken up by sea life or it is dragged to the ocean depths by the circulation of water. Recent studies have suggested that as the earth heats up, the oceans will become less efficient in absorbing Carbon di-oxide, leaving more of CO2 in the atmosphere and hence adding further to global warming. The following Pie Chart shows the various countries globally responsible for increasing shares of carbon dioxide emission. Source: news.mongabay.com Efforts to contain Global warming It is imperative to slow down the global warming as much as possible. This would in effect happen by using less fossil fuel, eliminating the uses CFCs altogether, and stopping irregular deforestation. This can be done through energy conservation, better use of public transport, more efficient cars, and energy efficiency by greater use of alternative sources of power which produces less CO2 than conventional sources and through renewable energy such as solar power. We have to stop deforestation of rain forests and start afforestation. A United Nations research panel has estimated that we should reduce global fuel use by 60% immediately so that we can stabilize the climate changes. Current commitments by some governments participating in CO2 reduction will lower global CO2 by just 4 6%. The developed industrialized nations produce most of the CO2, the developing nations of South America and Asia are increasing their CO2 release at a much greater rate, and by 2012 they will overtake the Western countries as the major producers of CO2. KYOTO PROTOCOL OVERVIEW Kyoto Protocol A response to curtail Global Warming The Kyoto Protocol acts as an amendment to the international treaty of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (â€Å"UNFCCC†). It pledges mandatory emission norms to the nations who have signed the protocol for the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions. It was established December 11, 1997 in Kyoto, Japan. Countries that ratify this protocol pledge to reduce their CO2 and five other greenhouse gases emissions, and/or engage in emissions trading if they increase emissions of these gases. The Kyoto Protocol now encompasses more than 160 countries around the globe and more than 60% of countries in terms of global greenhouse gas emissions. The Kyoto Protocol works upon a collective reduction of 5% compared to 1990 levels by 2008-2012. This treaty expires in 2012 and international talks have already begun in May 2007 to chalk out a new future treaty to succeed the current one. Source: IPCC Third Assessment Report. 2001 Climate Change : The Scientific Basis. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Green house gases have a disastrous effect on global warming with varying proportions. This intensity is measured by the global warming potential of the gas. The GWP of carbon dioxide is one. One tonne of HFC-23 gas, for example, has 11,700 times more green house effect as compared to CO2. CERs are awarded on the basis of global warming potential of the gas. CER to a gas = Tonnes of green house gas reduced X Global Warming Potential of the Gas Features of Kyoto Protocol As per the Kyoto Protocol, Governments have been divided into two broad categories: Developed countries (they have accepted GHG emission reduction obligations and they are mandated to submit an annual greenhouse gas inventory report) Developing countries (they have no GHG emission reduction obligations but they can participate in Clean Development Mechanism) As per the rules, Any Annex I country which fails to meet the Kyoto obligation would be penalized by been mandated to submit 1.3 times its emission allowances in the second commitment period for every ton of GHG emissions cap they exceed in their first commitment period. The objective of the protocol is the stabilization of greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system.† It aims to Put a limit onclimate change and global warming Reduce arbitrary usage of fossil fuels and encourage development and use of renewable energy Encourage sustainable development Operation of Emission Trading System Mechanisms under Kyoto Protocol The Kyoto Protocol pioneered by defining three innovative and distinct â€Å"flexibility mechanisms† to reduce the overall costs of achieving the set emissions targets. These mechanisms enable countries and organizations to adopt cost-effective opportunities to reduce emissions and/or to remove carbon from the atmosphere. While the cost of putting a cap on emissions varies considerably from region to region, thebenefit for the atmosphere is the same, no matter where the action is taken. Joint Implementation (JI): The Kyoto Protocol provides clauses for developed countries to implement projects that reduce emissions, and/or remove carbon from the atmosphere as per the Emission Reduction Units (ERUs). These ERUs can be potentially used to meet the emission reduction targets. A JI project may involve, for example, replacing a coal-fired power plant with a more efficient combined heat and power plant. JI projects must have a prior approval of all the entities involved, and must lead to emissions reductions or removal that are additional to any that would have occurred without the project. International Emission Trading (IET): The Kyoto Protocol also provides that developed countries can get carbon units from other developing parties and use them for meeting their emissions target. This enables developed countries to use low cost opportunities to reduce emissions. Such countries must, consequently, be prepared to transfer units when they do not require them for compliance with their own emission targets.CER: Certified Emission Reduction Clean Development Mechanism (CDM): Developed countries can take up GHG reduction project activities in developing countries where the cost of greenhouse gas reduction project activities is lower. The developed country would get the credits for meeting its emission targets. The developing country would get the capital and technology to implement the project. This technique is called Clean Development Mechanism. CDM covers projects in countries without any set targets, i.e. developing countries. Credits would be issued only for reductions if a project provides real and long-term climate change benefits. The main advantages for countries hosting CDM or JI emission reduction projects are the transfer of technology, attraction of foreign investment, and the contribution to the countrys sustainable development. GLOBAL SCENARIO The international CDM market has entered a high phase, having grown steadily after the Kyoto Protocol came into effect. The emission reduction targets during the first commitment phase of 2008 -12 for Annex II countries, are 713 Million tone CO2 eq. The initial national communication submitted by Annex I countries indicates a total demand of 846 Million tonne CO2 eq. per year based on the individual country commitment and action to reduce emissions. The Past highlights of the International carbon market are: In 2006, market traded an estimated 1.6 billion tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent (tCO2e) in all market segments compared to approximately 799 million tCO2e in 2005. Similarly, the financial value more than doubled from 2005 to 2006, with a total estimate of USD 22.5 billion for all market segments. In 2007, the market traded an estimated 2.6 billion tonnes of CO2e, at a total financial size of USD 23.6 billion. The projection for carbon market towards 2010 indicates With a high scenario, wherein the private sector predominates, the global carbon market can reach around USD 200 billion. With limited private sector participation and some speculations, it can be restricted to as low as USD 4.6 billion. It is estimated that the real market will be somewhere in between these two extremes with a forecasted carbon trade of USD 30 billion. INDIAN SCENARIO India is presently one of the world leaders in development of CDM projects. It is due to the Indian Designated National Authority that more than 297 project proposals with an emission reduction potential of over 297 million t CO2 have received the approval of the official host country. A wide range of project sizes and types in India help international buyers find the project of their choice or work upon a project portfolio to reduced risks. There is a huge evident potential for renewable energy generation from natural factors such as agriculture wastes, hydro and wind. Thermal electricity generation offers unlimited opportunities to improve energy efficiency. One example is the coal-fired power plants and the related transmission and distribution system. The chemical industry also allows reductions of industrial GHG which have large warming potentials The Carbon RUSH JSW Steel: The CDM has made environmental responsibility acceptable for India Industries. Recycle, reuse and reduce have become commercially viable as companies reprocess waste and heat, and cut down carbon emissions. Indias JSW Steel has been awarded about 5.4 million carbon credits, which includes 4 million carbon credits obtained from the single largest issuance of emissions permit by the U.N. to a Kyoto Protocol project. The 4 million credit issuance accounted for 6.5 % of the total 62 million CERs which were allocated by the UN. A total of around with 42 % of all issued credits have been assigned to ongoing projects in India. CERs were issued to two projects owned by JSW Steel for reducing greenhouse gas emissions between 2001 and 2006. Their CDM projects cut gases emitted through power generation from imported coal and waste gases from JSWs steel manufacturing operations. Current Problems with the Environment Integrity of CDM a practical perspective Unfortunately, despite pressure from the environmental community and other sectors, the CDM rules and the project design document still offer little guarantee of environmental integrity. The main weaknesses of CDM procedures in that regard include: The contribution to sustainable development including a transition away from ‘carbon dirty technologies and an emphasis on positive social and environmental impacts is often treated as an optional extra rather than a central project feature. Demand reform in CDM procedures so that there is transparency; accountability of different players (penalties on consultants and DOEs) Demand price negotiations have to be made public, otherwise will lead to corruption Demand simpler procedures (less convoluted methodologies for additionalityetc) so that meaningful projects can work Large public companies (GAIL, SAIL, IOCL, etc)are yet to take off with CDM business, due to lack of knowledge of CDM opportunities Potential in small and medium enterprises yet to be tapped Lack of transparency in CDM market Limited bilateral investment for project funding Governments role critical as a facilitator with different bilateral /multilateral organizations in organizing Carbon trade fairs or expos Number of Bilateral CDM projects need to be increased with more foreign investment for project funding Lack of awareness about CDM Tedious process High cost involved for documentation, validation and Monitoring Verification of emission reductions Inability of new promoters to bring in equity to be able to avail of financing As mentioned above, these problems stem in part from the weaknesses in the existing rules. At the same time, while it is possible that these flaws will be rectified by the CDM Executive Board in the near-future, the extreme pressure from investors to keep carbon prices at their lowest is forcing the project developers to cut corners. Business Implications The London financial marketplace has established itself as the center of the carbon finance market as a market for trading of the carbon emissions as per the Kyoto Protocol. This was estimated at $60 billion in 2007. The irony in the carbon trading endeavor could be noticed from the fact that it was the major multinational corporations who came together in the G8 Climate Change Roundtable, at the January 2005 World Economic Forum. This group was primarily a business group formed by 23 companies. Since, these corporations are the ones who have been chief proponents of ‘overconsumption, it seemed like a method by way of which they could clear their conscience of the damage that they were causing to the environment and planet earth. In June 2005 the Group published a statement stating that there was a need to act on climate change and the stress was on market-based solutions. The business in the UK and elsewhere have come out strongly in support of emissions trading as a key tool to limit the effects of climate change, and these efforts have been supported by Green NGOs. As per the Unites Nations Food and Agricultural Organisation FAO, approx 32 million acres of forests vanish each year, majority of them are in the tropics. The most important reason for forest clearing is the increasing need for agricultural land. The WWF has warned that if appropriate steps are not taken, more than 60 percent of the rain forests in the Amazon basin could disappear by 2030. Carbon trading was introduced by the Kyoto Protocol as a possible solution of the efforts to reduce GHG emissions to below 1990 levels by 2012. The mainstream idea was that the countries whose emissions are below the prescribed emissions could then sell those excess carbon credits to countries that do not meet their own caps. The caps are proposed to decrease over time and the price of carbon credits would rise due to scarcity. These signals towards a changing trend of carbon emission trading which would include a new global carbon emission based investment market, where companies and countries have incentives to invest in developing projects across the globe. All this is happening for the wrong reasons, as this is a method of obtaining the highly coveted carbon credits. This seems to be a sore point for those against carbon trading. As an example, Google has a market value of $200 billion, while all the worlds great forests are valued at nothing. The economic argument says that it makes it financially more appealing to countries not to allow their forests to be cut down. Moral tradeoff Some critiques of Carbon Emission Trading believe that there is a huge moral trade off in place. A study on child care centres in Israel showed that imposing monetary fines on late coming parents did not teach them a lesson in punctuality; in fact, this created an economic trade off as now the parents could voluntarily come late and get away by paying fines. Drawing an analogy from it, the carbon credit trading is on similar lines except that one firm can be willing to pay for extra emissions by compensating the other firm which reduces its carbon emissions. This increases a scarcity and hence the price of carbon pollution. Can the interests of both the rich the poor be served? The major concern about the entire carbon credit trading evolution is the belief that the carbon emission trading really serves rich nations only; the main stream issue being that carbon trading could put the vital resources of the developing world in the hands of developed nations who can then use carbon credits as a way to counter the reductions of their own GHG emissions at the same time. The World Bank recently launched the Forest Carbon Partnership Facility (FCPF), a fund which is financed by the leading countries such as UK, Germany, the Netherlands, France, Switzerland, Denmark and Finland. The $160 million fund would be used to support programs targeting the drivers of deforestation and develop concrete activities to reach out to poor people who depend on forests to improve their livelihoods. It will also help developing countries build the technical, regulatory, and sustainable forestry capacity to reduce emissions from deforestation and degradation. There has always been confusion over the exact role that the World Bank is trying to play in carbon trading market. The World Bank claims to be aiming at reducing global deforestation by 10 percent by 2010. But its critics claim the World Bank has traditionally been an exponent of deforestation. There has also been concern over the consequences of carbon trading scheme on local forest communities that earn their daily living from the forests. Substantiating with an example -In the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) the World Bank is facing opposition from Pygmy groups and local communities which rely on the Congo basin for their living. There have been reports that accuse the Bank of encouraging commercial logging practices while ignoring sustainable forestry and conservation. The report also claims that the financial benefits of logging have gone to foreign firms, not the local ones. This makes one wonder what the real intentions of the World Bank are. The Million Dollar Question!!! EMISSIONS TRADING COMMODIFIES Carbon. Does this Really Help Solve Climate Change problem? Exponents of carbon trading see markets as the best mechanism for reducing emissions. The critics, on the other hand, believe that carbon trading is a devils bargain that navigates the profits to polluters. You cant solve problems just by using money, the old saying goes. Capitalists have a monetary solution to problems and they believe that the markets are the solutions to everything. They reverse this equation by turning problems from money-hoarding pits to money-makers. Essentially, they try to seek the profit motive to ‘cure societys woes by transforming problems into commodities. This is the set strategy behind the emerging carbon trading markets. The Solution as per the Carbon Trading Proponents By trading the capped carbon emission rights, the rights become scarcer and hence more valuable. Cap-and-trade markets help solve climate change by lowering carbon emissions while generating wealth for the developing nations! If only it were so simple!!! The first contentious question is about how to distribute carbon emission rights: auction or allocation. In 2006, the experiment with carbon credit pricing came to a collapse when it became known that the EU was, either naively or corruptly, handing out too many emission rights to companies based on their estimates. Obviously, their emissions came out to be much lower which gave them a right to trade the left over unconsumed carbon credits. There seemed no real intention of reducing the carbon emissions. â€Å"The dirtier you are, the bigger your entitlement . . . the polluter was paid.† British journalist George Monbiot. The second problem with carbon trading is about mandatory versus voluntary markets. The US, the largest carbon emitter in the world has not signed onto the Kyoto Protocol. To fill this regulatory gap, voluntary carbon markets such as the Chicago Climate Exchange have sprouted up. With proper market design which implies no price cap and a financial penalty for non-compliance -carbon trading forces the movement to cleaner technology and consequent emissions reductions. Carbon trading critics charge and claim that the financial benefits overshadow environmental concerns. With the carbon price suppressed and lowered, polluters energy providers, utilities, oil companies etc have little incentive to curb the rising GHG emissions, thus making the current system undermine the environment and the planet. Also, critics see it as an extension of colonialist exploitation. The third problem relates to the monetary and economic aspect. In reality cap and trade carbon markets have done little to reduce emissions and are plagued by corruption and inefficiency. The worlds carbon trading markets are becoming increasingly complex and this threatens another sub-prime style financial crisis that could again destabilise the global economy. There is also a distinct smell of middlemen involvement. The majority of the trade is carried out not between polluting industries and factories covered by carbon trading schemes, but by banks and investors who profit from speculation on the carbon markets packaging carbon credits into increasingly complex financial products. Conclusion A rational reasoning Even as they gain popularity as a carbon mitigating solution, carbon offsets have often been dubbed under considerable criticism for diluting collective action against global warming. The truth, however, exists in between. Proponents exist on both sides of the debate. We all participate in the consumption of fossil-fuel energy. These emit large amounts of climate-changing CO2 and other GHG gases. The terms carbon offset and carbon neutral have been used as a misnomer it is actually the idea of erasing the negative impact of our daily carbon emissions which drives the carbon offset market and its related controversy. A rational reasoning says that â€Å"You cannot make up for the use of carbon buying the power of money to leverage yourself into a position of freedom from responsibility for emitting it once the damage is done, its done. Ultimately what it all boils down to is the question of choosing from the rich display of effective opportunities that can be adopted if necessary actions are taken while ignoring, at the same time, the capitalistic monetary solutions like offsets.

Egocentric Subjectivism and the Universal Consciousness :: Philosophy Research Papers

Egocentric Subjectivism and the Universal Consciousness It was at the beginning of my vacation that I realised the world was not all it appeared to be. Up until now, I had always accepted that the world was a collection of material objects independent of myself. As I sit in the airport lounge waiting for my flight, it now seems that everything I see is nothing more than a series of images projected in my mind. The lounge is like a stage set and people, like characters in a film, pass by and disappear. The world, or rather my world, is simply that which exists in my mind, but has no material existence in my mind. Does that mean that the objects of the world have no existence outside my mind? My understanding of existence is what my mind reasons it to be. Even if someone tells me what existence is to them, I must still consider their comments in the context of my own knowledge and interpret it as what existence means to me. For example, a passenger in the airport lounge complains that a flight delay will lose him a valuable contract. I know what the loss of a contract means, but only because I can relate it to my own experience of a similar situation. I then make an assumption that it means the same to him, but I cannot be certain of that. I can only know what existence means to me, and it is egocentric subjectivism that takes this to its ultimate limit. My world and everything in it are dependent on my mind for its existence and without my mind that world would not exist. Despite this reasoning, it does seem that I am moving about within a three-dimensional world. Movement itself can be illusory depending on what is believed to be stationary. When I arrived at Zurich I boarded a train and waited to travel on to my destination. A train on the next track also stood waiting. Before long we were off and I watched the carriages of the other train swiftly disappear from view as we gained speed. As we passed the last carriage, I saw that we were still in the station and realised that it was the other train moving and not ours. However, when the train made its way around the mountains and up into the Alps, it did seem as if there was a three-dimensional space through which it moved.